新型功能碳材料的高压截获

高性能功能材料在诸多领域具有广泛的应用前景,是人们一直关注的研究热点。高压可以有效地改变物质的原子间距和成键方式,是获得新型功能材料的重要途径。在碳材料的高压研究中,许多有趣的功能碳材料,如光学透明碳、高强度弹性碳和超硬非晶碳等,已经通过不同的碳前驱体合成。本文简要介绍了作者近年来在低维碳基纳米复合材料高压研究中取得的进展,基于设计的不同低维碳前驱体,高压下截获了具有超硬特性、新型压致共价聚合及发光增强的碳材料。     

Structural and phase characteristics of the diamond/matrix interfacial zone in high-resistant diamond composites

The structural-phase state of the contact zone and the factors that influence on the strength of diamond retention in the diamond carbide composites were determined. Composites were obtained by the new hybrid technology that eliminates the reheating of the metalized coating. The elaborated technology combines the thermal diffusion metallization of a diamond and the sintering by the scheme of self-dosed impregnation in a one-stage technological cycle. By the methods of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy the structural and phase characteristics of the interphase boundary were investigated. The improvement of chemical and mechanical adhesion between the diamond and carbide matrix was obtained. It was shown that the specific productivity of the samples with a metalized diamond component is 39% higher than those without metallization.     

Phosphoric-Acid Retention in High-Temperature Proton-Exchange Membranes

Great efforts have been conducted to develop high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) due to its features of enhanced electrocatalyst reactivity, simplified hydrothermal management system and high CO tolerance of catalysts, and remarkable progress has been achieved. However, the easy leaching of phosphoric acid (PA) from the membranes during operation limits its commercial scale-up in complicated environments. This concept here mainly focuses on the recent developments for mitigation of PA loss in PEMs. The probable mechanisms of PA loss are proposed. The approaches to improve PA retention for example via introduction of phosphonic acid by covalent bond, using ion-pairs interaction and siphoning effect, and blending with inorganic nanoparticles are described in detail. Among these strategies, the siphoning effect from the intrinsic microporous PEMs is the most efficient and enables the cell to operate flexibly within a broad temperature range. Therefore, this concept may provide new ideas for the scientists to retain PA, to improve the cell performance and expand the potential applications of PA doped PEMs at elevated humidity and wide temperature range.     

脱氢枞酸酯键合硅胶色谱固定相的制备及应用

将天然可再生资源脱氢枞酸与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯反应制得脱氢枞酸酯（DAGME）,并将其通过“巯-烯”点击反应接枝到巯基功能化硅胶表面,制备得到一种疏水型脱氢枞酸酯键合硅胶色谱固定相（SilDAGME）。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、热失重分析（TGA）和元素分析（EA）对固定相进行表征,结果表明Sil-DAGME固定相成功制备。以烷基苯、Tanaka测试混合物、多环芳烃、酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物作为分离对象对Sil-DAGME的分离性能及保留机制进行评价。研究发现Sil-DAGME除疏水作用保留机制外,还具有氢键和π-π相互作用。基于多种保留机制的协同作用,Sil-DAGME对上述分析物均表现出良好的分离性能。此外,Sil-DAGME不仅具有良好的重现性（RSD为0.050%～0.19%,n=10）、稳定性（RSD为0.25%～1.0%,n=7）和可重复制备性（RSD为0.78%～2.1%,n=3）,还对红豆杉树皮粗提物表现出良好的分离效果。将脱氢枞酸用于制备新型的色谱填料不仅为紫杉醇的分离和检测提供了一种新途径,也为以天然产物松香作为功能配体设计和制备新型固定相提供了参考。     

Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part I

This is the part I of a tutorial review intending to give an overview of the state of the art of method validation in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and discuss specific issues that arise with MS (and MS/MS) detection in LC (as opposed to the “conventional” detectors). The Part I briefly introduces the principles of operation of LC–MS (emphasizing the aspects important from the validation point of view, in particular the ionization process and ionization suppression/enhancement); reviews the main validation guideline documents and discusses in detail the following performance parameters: selectivity/specificity/identity, ruggedness/robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification, decision limit and detection capability. With every method performance characteristic its essence and terminology are addressed, the current status of treating it is reviewed and recommendations are given, how to determine it, specifically in the case of LC–MS methods.     

亲核性1,2-重排为何迁移基团的构型保持不变*

亲核性1,2-重排反应是有机化学的重要反应之一,重排中离去基团的离去和迁移基团的迁移步骤既可以是分步的,也可以是协同的,但是迁移基团的构型始终保持不变。本文用超共轭效应和反应过程中有机立体电子效应解释了此现象,掌握一般规律,希望能够从教学上便于教师讲授和学生学习理解。     

Zwitterionic comb-like lipid polymers encapsulating linalool for increasing the fragrance retention time

Fragrances are widely used in cosmetics,apparel and detergents.However,the rapid evaporation of the aro ma shortens the useful life of the aromatic product.Therefore,improving the fragrance retention time of aromatic products and prolonging the service life of aromatic products are the key scientific problems that need to be solved in current aromatic products.In this study,zwitterionic comb-like lipid polymers were synthesized to encapsulate the fragrance molecule linalool.The results showed that the zwitterionic comb lipid molecules were capable of encapsulating more linalool than linear lipid molecules.At the same time,the zwitterionic comb-like lipid molecules also limited the slow release rate of the aroma,thereby increasing the fragrance retention time of the nano-fragrance.     

色谱柱分类数据库用于指导天然药物化学对照品色谱纯度测定时色谱柱理性选择

由于中药化学对照品多数来源于动植物药材,很容易混有结构类似物,故有机杂质测定是可能影响其化学对照品赋值准确性的关键风险因素。中药化学对照品的有机杂质测定通常采用药典收载或文献报道的高效液相色谱法,这些方法通常仅规定“以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂”,无适宜色谱柱的品牌信息,或者实验室无文献所用的色谱柱品牌,而目前市场上已有800多种品牌的C₁₈柱,生产工艺的不同导致不同品牌C₁₈柱的选择性有差异,甚至差异显著。这很容易出现由于色谱柱选择不适宜而导致测定结果不准确的风险。该文采用国外色谱柱分类数据库指导对照品纯度考察时色谱柱的理性选择,尽可能减少色谱柱盲选可能导致的纯度结果不准确的风险。首先,用数据库挑选2根选择性差异显著的色谱柱（选择性因子F≥6）进行平行实验,以尽可能反映采用不同品牌色谱柱可能出现的分离效果差异。如果这2根色谱柱的分离效果及纯度测定结果无显著性差异,则可以交叉验证该对照品纯度测定的准确性。否则需要从数据库中选择另外1根与之前试验中分离效果更好、选择性相似的色谱柱进行纯度结果验证。在N-反式-p-对香豆酰基酪胺和表儿茶素没食子酸酯首批对照品的纯度考察中,使用了上述策略并验证了其有效性和科学性,计划推广应用至更多的中药化学对照品,特别当其可能含碱性或弱酸性化合物时,更应该尝试采用本文推荐的色谱柱选择策略交叉验证其纯度测定结果的准确性。     

胰岛素反相制备色谱的方法开发

以胰岛素反相制备色谱方法的开发和优化为目标,通过考察色谱保留参数、峰展宽及样品流出曲线的浓度分布等色谱参数,对流动相梯度、色谱填料、载样量等色谱条件进行了优化,并建立了胰岛素制备色谱峰参数的描述方法。结果表明,所建立的方法可快速筛选出最适于胰岛素分离的色谱条件(包括流动相梯度及分离填料),即流动相中的强洗脱溶剂(有机相)需采取缓梯度窄区间的变化条件,筛选出的分离填料需具备峰向两侧展宽且展宽程度较小、样品最高浓度居中分布的特点。将方法用于实际胰岛素粗品的纯化制备,获得了杂质去除效果好、胰岛素纯度高的产品。该法为胰岛素反相色谱纯化制备方法的快速建立提供了指导,具有较强的实用价值,同时为发展大分子化合物的制备色谱方法提供了参考。     

亲水作用色谱在糖类化合物分析中的应用

糖类化合物的结构和组成分析对于探究糖的结构与功能的关系具有重要作用。亲水作用色谱(HILIC)对糖类等极性化合物具有良好的分离效果。该文介绍了适合糖类分析的常用HILIC柱固定相及其分离机制,论述了强洗脱溶剂比例、流动相p H值、缓冲盐浓度和色谱柱温度对HILIC分离效果的影响,并举例说明了HILIC法在单糖组成、糖胺聚糖二糖组成、寡糖聚合度、糖苷、糖脂、糖醇以及N-/O-糖链分析中的应用。